Verbs

Verbs

A verb is an action word. A verb expresses what a subject does.                                                      

I go to college.  

They play cricket.

Verb cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi | h_v t

Principle / main verb (¯^vaxb)t

He helped the poor.

Auxiliary verb (¯^vaxb bq)t

a.Tense     MV‡b t

They were playing cricket.

b.Voice MV‡b t

Rice is eaten in Bangladesh.

c.Negative/Interrogative evK¨ MV‡b t

He does not like tea.

Do you go to school?

4. Mood MV‡b t

It may rain today

Auxiliary Verb `y&B cÖKvi |h_vt

Primary auxiliary

Modal auxiliary

Primary auxiliary:

o   Be verb:  am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been.

I am a teacher. I am writing a letter.

o   Have verb:  have, has, had, having.

o   Do verb:  do,does,did

Modal auxiliary:

Can,                                                 

 could,

 may,

might,

 shall,

 should,

 will,

would,

must,

 need,

 dare,

 ought to,

 have to,

had better,

would rather.

Subject Abyhvqx verb `yB cÖKvi t

1.Finite verb : ‡h verb Gi Subject  _v‡K |

2.Non-Finite verb: ‡h verb Gi Subject  _v‡K  bv|

I went to Dhaka to see my mother.
   FV                      NFV

Non Finite verb wZb cÖKvit

1.Gerund :      Vb + ing   ;  KvR : V+N.

Swimming is good for health.

2.Infinitive: To +Vb ;

Samira works hard to improve her condition.

3.Participle:

a.       Present participle: Vb+ing  ; KvR : V+adj.

             I  saw him swimming in the river.

b.      Past participle:  V3

He has written a letter.

c.       Perfect participle: Having + V3

Having forgotten him I went to Dhaka.

Object Abyhvqx Verb `yB cÖKvit

1.Transitive verb:  †h Verb  Gi Object _v‡K |

I know Rahim.

2.Intransitive verb: †h Verb  Gi Object _v‡K  bv|

I go to school.

Noun phrase:

Phrase:G‡Ki †ekx  kã  hv‡`i  g‡a¨  †Kvb  g~j Verb _v‡K bv Ges me¸‡jv kã wg‡j GKwU gvÎ A_© cÖKvk K‡i |

A cow                              The old man

The old man bought a cow.

Noun  phrase

Determinar

Pre-modifier

Head-word

Post-modifier

 

Determinar:‡h word noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m noun ‡K -

·         mxwgZ K‡i,

·         wbw`©ó K‡i,

·         wPwýZ K‡i  |

A cow                                        The boy                                    My brother

v  (Determiner): a,an,the,my,your,his,our,this,that,these,those,one,two,three ……..

Pre modifier:‡h word Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m Noun Gi †`vl/¸Y/Ae¯’v †evSvq |

Pre-modifier:  adj/participle/noun-adjective

The old man                                        A       sleeping boy                      The diamond neckless.

Headword: Noun phrase Gi g~j kãwU‡K headword e‡j |Bnv me mgq Noun nq |

The old man.

Post modifier:  Headword  Gi c‡i †h adverb/prepositional phrase/infinitive phrase/participle phrase e‡m |

Prepositional phrase :  Preposition + N/P/NP.

For man                   With him                On the table

The old       man            of our village.

Infinitive phrase :   infinitive +O/adv/prepositional phrase.

to see me.                     to walk slowly .                    to work  in the field.

Participle phrase:  present/past participle + O/adverb/prepositional phrase.

 Seeing me,          Walking slowly,           Working in the field.

v  Themanworking in the field

Subject: Verb Gi wVK c~‡e© †h N/P/NP e‡m Zv‡K subject e‡j |

Rahim helped me.

He helped me.

The old man helped me.

Object: Verb Gi wVK c‡i  †h N/P/NP e‡m Zv‡K object e‡j |(Kv‡K/wK?)

I know samira.                              Description+LV+N

                           I know him.                                   Subject+LV+adj

                           I know the old man.

Various forms of Transitive verb :

v  Causative verb:

A verb--such as cause, allow, help, have, enable, keep, hold, let, force, require, and make--used to indicate that some person or thing helps to make something happen.
A causative verb, which can be in any tense, is followed by another verb form.

Example:

              The teacher teaches the students.
  we feed the cow.
The students’ teacher let them to enjoy a drama in the class.

v  Cognate verb:Generally intransitive verb has no any object . But some  intransitive verbs have same type of  object as verb and  they are used as transitive | These  types of verbs are called cognate verbs .which noun that  cognate verb takes as object  that noun is called cognateobject .

Example:

I ran a race.

He died a heroic death.

v  Reflexive verb:adding with reflexive pronoun those verbs take same subject and object those verbs are called Reflexive verb.

Example:

He killed himself.

I availed myself of the opportunity.

v  Factitive verbs:

when a transitive verb cannot complete the sentence by taking one object then that verb takes  another object to complete the sentence. This type of transitive verb is called factitive verb.

Example:

The teacher calls him a fool.

They elected him captain.

Following are some factitive verbs: appoint, call, choose, crown, designate, elect, entitle, find, make, name, nominate, select, title.

Ø  Some characteristic verbs:

o   Linking verb: which verbs’ subject and object are same person or thing those verbs are called linking verbs.

             Example:

             He is a good boy.

             Here  He and boy  refer to same person, so ‘is’ is the linking verb.

o   Quasi-passive verb: There are some transitive verb these are active as looking but they are passive as meaning. Those verbs are called Quasi-passive verb.

             Example:

            Rice sells cheap.

            Stone feels hard.

o   Verb of perception: see, feel, smell

Present(V1) -Past(V2)- Past participle(V3)- Infinitive(to+Vb)-Present participle(Vb+ing).

Verb making:

Word+ise, nationalise

Word+fy,beautify

Word+en,brighten

Word+iate,differentiate

Em+word,empower

En+word,endanger