Right form of verbs:
1.
Universal
fact/ habitual fact/ historical fact → present indefinite
The earth
moves round the sun.
2.
Always,
everyday, today, to night, sometimes, often, seldom, generally, daily,
regularly, usually, occasionally, normally, frequently, everytime,
whenever → present indefinite
He always
disturbs me. Mother reads the holy Quran everyday.
3.
To/ in order
to +(V)→Vb
He came here to meet me.
4.
Now , at
this moment , at present, at this time → present continuous
Now I am
going to school.
They are
playing at this moment.
5.
S+ Be
verb+(V)
→ present continuous
I am doing the work.
6.
O →
S+ Be verb+(V)→ Vb
The work is being done by me.
7.
Just, just
now, already, recently, yet,ever, lately → present perfect
I have just
received your letter.
I have
already finished my home work.
8.
Get / feel/
( modal + be)/ be + (V) →
I feel
bored.
9.
Yesterday,
last, ago, long ago → past
indefinite
He came home
yesterday.
I saw him
long ago.
He came here
last night.
10. Tomorrow, next →
future indefinite
He will go
to Dhaka tomorrow.
11. It is high time, it is time ,wish, fancy + S+
(V)→V2
I wish I sang a song.
12. Preposition/mind/matter/worth/while/stop/past/cannot
help/could not help/ with a view to/ look forward to/ addicted to/ accustomed
to/ (Be verb/get + used to) + (V)→Vb+ing
Would you mind taking a cup of tea.
13. As though/ as if/ wish +S+ (
to be) →
were
14.
He spoke
as though he had known everything.
15.
It is
many years since I came to Dhaka.
Many
years have passed since his father died.
It was
long since I had seen her last.
16. If +present indefinite + future indefinite
If he works
hard , he will shine in life.
I will not
go out if it rains.
17. If + past indefinite+ past conditional( S+ should/might/could +
)
If he
came, I would go.
I would
help him, if he wanted.
18. If + past perfect + perfect conditional(S+
should have/would have/ could have +
)
If I had
seen him, I might have told the matter.
If you had
started earlier, you would have caught the bus.
19. Had + S +
+
perfect conditional
Had I
been a king, I would have helped the poor.
Had I
possessed vast property, I would have established a college.
20. If + S + were + past conditional/perfect
conditional
If I were a
bird, I would fly.
If I were a
bird, I would have flown.
If I were a
king , I would help the poor.
If I were a
king, I would have helped the poor.
21. For/since + time → present perfect continuous tense
I have been
reading for two hours.
22. Lest + S + should/might+
He ran first
lest he should miss the train.
23. Would that + S + could
Would that I
could go to college.
24. Past indefinite + that+ past perfect
Rahim said that
he had done the work.
25. He does not need wait for me.(inc)
He need not
wait for me.(corr.)
26. When / after + present perfect + future
indefinite
I shall go
to college after I have left school.
27. Past indefinite +after + past perfect
Past perfect
+ before + past indefinite
The patient
had died before the doctor came.
The doctor
came after the patient had died.
28. Simple sentence →
V+(V) →
I saw him
reading a book.
29. Excuse/avoid/forbid/advise/consider/forgive/stop/pardon/suggest/start/practice/prefer
+ (V)→ Vb+ing
30. See / hear/ listen/feel/
watch/ notice + O +(V)→
31. Excuse/avoid/forbid/advise/consider/forgive/stop/pardon/suggest/start/practice/prefer
+O+ (V)→to+Vb
32. Desire
/promise/decide/dare/hope/went/refuse/expect/wish/offer +(V) →to+Vb
Right form of verbs (Revision):
Rule-1 : Subject যদি third person singular number হয়এবংওইবাক্যটিযদি present
indefinite tense হয়তবে verb-এরসঙ্গে s/es যোগহবে।যেমন:
a) The boy (go) to school regularly.
Ans. The boy goes to school regularly.
b) The boy does not (go) to school daily.
Ans. The boy does not go to school daily.
c) The boy generally (go) to college at 8 a.m.
Ans. The boy generally goes to college at 8 a.m.
Try yourself :
d) Mr. Khan (go) abroad every month.
e) His father (come) home every week.
Rule-2 : Present indefinite tense-এ Subject Third person singular number হওয়াসত্ত্বেও can, must, should-এরপরে Verb-এরসঙ্গে s/esযোগহবেনা।যেমন:
a) The man can (do) the work.
Ans. The man can do the work.
b) She must (come) to her office in time.
Ans. She must come to her office in time.
c) The student should (learn) his lessons regularly.
Ans. The student should learn his lessons regularly.
Try yourself :
d) He can (walk) five miles at a time.
e) The girl must not (go) to college on foot.
Rule-3 : Sentence যদি universal truth (চিরন্তনসত্য), habitual fact (অভ্যাসগতকর্ম) ইত্যাদিবোঝায়তাহলে sentence-টি present indefinite tense হয়।যেমন:
a) The earth (move) round the sun.
Ans. The earth moves round the sun.
b) The sun (rise) in the east.
Ans. The sun rises in the east.
c) The sun (set) in the west.
Ans. The sun sets in the west.
Try yourself :
d) We know that ice (float) on water.
e) The teacher said that the earth (be) round.
Rule-4 :যেসব sentence-একোনোসময়েরউল্লেখথাকেনাএবংমাঝেমধ্যে generally, usually, ordinarily, normally, always, sometimes, often, daily, everyday, regularly ব্যবহ্নতহয়সেগুলো present indefinite tense হয়।যেমন:
a) Sabiha (learn) her lessons regularly.
Ans. Sabiha learns her lessons regularly.
b) He always (disturb) the students.
Ans. He always disturbs the students.
c) A good student (learn) his lessons regularly.
Ans. A good student learns his lessons regularly.
Try yourself :
d) Rahman very often (come) me.
e) Does he (read) the newspaper daily?
a) The boy (go) to school regularly.
Ans. The boy goes to school regularly.
b) The boy does not (go) to school daily.
Ans. The boy does not go to school daily.
c) The boy generally (go) to college at 8 a.m.
Ans. The boy generally goes to college at 8 a.m.
Try yourself :
d) Mr. Khan (go) abroad every month.
e) His father (come) home every week.
Rule-2 : Present indefinite tense-এ Subject Third person singular number হওয়াসত্ত্বেও can, must, should-এরপরে Verb-এরসঙ্গে s/esযোগহবেনা।যেমন:
a) The man can (do) the work.
Ans. The man can do the work.
b) She must (come) to her office in time.
Ans. She must come to her office in time.
c) The student should (learn) his lessons regularly.
Ans. The student should learn his lessons regularly.
Try yourself :
d) He can (walk) five miles at a time.
e) The girl must not (go) to college on foot.
Rule-3 : Sentence যদি universal truth (চিরন্তনসত্য), habitual fact (অভ্যাসগতকর্ম) ইত্যাদিবোঝায়তাহলে sentence-টি present indefinite tense হয়।যেমন:
a) The earth (move) round the sun.
Ans. The earth moves round the sun.
b) The sun (rise) in the east.
Ans. The sun rises in the east.
c) The sun (set) in the west.
Ans. The sun sets in the west.
Try yourself :
d) We know that ice (float) on water.
e) The teacher said that the earth (be) round.
Rule-4 :যেসব sentence-একোনোসময়েরউল্লেখথাকেনাএবংমাঝেমধ্যে generally, usually, ordinarily, normally, always, sometimes, often, daily, everyday, regularly ব্যবহ্নতহয়সেগুলো present indefinite tense হয়।যেমন:
a) Sabiha (learn) her lessons regularly.
Ans. Sabiha learns her lessons regularly.
b) He always (disturb) the students.
Ans. He always disturbs the students.
c) A good student (learn) his lessons regularly.
Ans. A good student learns his lessons regularly.
Try yourself :
d) Rahman very often (come) me.
e) Does he (read) the newspaper daily?
Rule-5 : Sentence-টি active voice হলে can, could, may, might, shall, should, will,
would, must, need, dare, used to, ought to প্রভৃতি modal auxiliary verb-এরপরে
present form হয়।যেমন:
a) The boy can (work out) — the sum.
Ans. The boy can work out the sum.
b) He could not (eat) — all the mangoes.
Ans. He could not eat all the mangoes.
c) You must (do) — your duty properly.
Ans. You must do your duty properly.
Try yourself : d) It may (rain) — today.
e) One should (take) — care of one’s health.
Rule-6 : Sentence-টি passive voice হলে can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, need, dare, used to, ought to প্রভৃতি modal auxiliary verb-এরপরেbe+Verb-এর past participle form হয়।যেমন:
a) The work can (do) — immediately.
Ans. The work can be done immediately.
b) All the mangoes could (eat) —.
Ans. All the mangoes could be eaten.
c) Your duty must (perform) — very soon.
Ans. Your duty must be performed very soon.
Try yourself : d) It can not (deny) —.
e) The English book will (buy) — tomorrow.
Rule-7 : Let, had rather, had better, would better, do not, does not, need not, did not, did never ইত্যাদিরপরে verb-এর base form হয়।যেমন:
(a) I let the other boys (use) — my skates.
Ans. I let the other boys use my skates.
(b) I had better (go) — home by this time.
Ans. I had better go home by this time.
c) I need not (do) — the work.
Ans. I need not do the work.
Try yourself : (d) He did not (go) — to college yesterday.
(e) He does not (like) — student-politics.
a) The boy can (work out) — the sum.
Ans. The boy can work out the sum.
b) He could not (eat) — all the mangoes.
Ans. He could not eat all the mangoes.
c) You must (do) — your duty properly.
Ans. You must do your duty properly.
Try yourself : d) It may (rain) — today.
e) One should (take) — care of one’s health.
Rule-6 : Sentence-টি passive voice হলে can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, need, dare, used to, ought to প্রভৃতি modal auxiliary verb-এরপরেbe+Verb-এর past participle form হয়।যেমন:
a) The work can (do) — immediately.
Ans. The work can be done immediately.
b) All the mangoes could (eat) —.
Ans. All the mangoes could be eaten.
c) Your duty must (perform) — very soon.
Ans. Your duty must be performed very soon.
Try yourself : d) It can not (deny) —.
e) The English book will (buy) — tomorrow.
Rule-7 : Let, had rather, had better, would better, do not, does not, need not, did not, did never ইত্যাদিরপরে verb-এর base form হয়।যেমন:
(a) I let the other boys (use) — my skates.
Ans. I let the other boys use my skates.
(b) I had better (go) — home by this time.
Ans. I had better go home by this time.
c) I need not (do) — the work.
Ans. I need not do the work.
Try yourself : (d) He did not (go) — to college yesterday.
(e) He does not (like) — student-politics.
Rule-8 : Used to-এরপরে verb-এর present form হয়কিন্তু be verb + used to-এরপরে verb-এরসঙ্গেing যোগহয়।যেমন:
a) We used to (take) — bath in
the river daily.
Ans. We used to take bath in the river daily.
b) We were used to (take) — bath in the river daily.
Ans. We were used to taking bath in the river daily.
c) He was used to (take) — tea. Ans. He was used to taking tea.
Try yourself : d) They used to (play) — in the field regularly.
They were used to (play) — in the field regularly.
Rule-9 : Sentence-এ have/has থাকলে sentence-টি present perfect tense হবে।যেমন:
a) She has (write) — a letter to her mother.
Ans. She has written a letter to her mother.
b) I have (have) — my meal. Ans. I have had my meal.
c) She had (have) — her letter. Ans. She had had her letter.
Try yourself :
d) Have you ever (be) — to the zoo?
e) Columbus has (discover) — America.
Ans. We used to take bath in the river daily.
b) We were used to (take) — bath in the river daily.
Ans. We were used to taking bath in the river daily.
c) He was used to (take) — tea. Ans. He was used to taking tea.
Try yourself : d) They used to (play) — in the field regularly.
They were used to (play) — in the field regularly.
Rule-9 : Sentence-এ have/has থাকলে sentence-টি present perfect tense হবে।যেমন:
a) She has (write) — a letter to her mother.
Ans. She has written a letter to her mother.
b) I have (have) — my meal. Ans. I have had my meal.
c) She had (have) — her letter. Ans. She had had her letter.
Try yourself :
d) Have you ever (be) — to the zoo?
e) Columbus has (discover) — America.
Rule-10 : Sentence-এ just, just now, already, recently, lately,
ever, yet ইত্যাদিথাকলেতা present
perfect tense হয়।যেমন:
a) Rabeya (take)—her dinner just now.
Ans. Rabeya has taken her dinner just now.
b) I (see)—him recently.
Ans. I have seen him recently.
c) He already (reach)—home.
Ans. He has already reached home.
Try yourself : d) Have you ever (be)—to the zoo?
e) Have you not (receive)—my letter yet?
Rule-11 : Sentence-এ yesterday, ago, long ago, last week, last year, last month, that day, day before yesterday প্রভৃতিঅতীতনির্দেশকশব্দথাকলেতা past indefinite tense হবে।যেমন:
a) The boy (go)—home yesterday.
Ans. The boy went home yesterday.
b) She did not (go)—to college yesterday.
Ans. She did not go to college yesterday.
c) Did he (come)—home yesterday?
Ans. Did he come home yesterday?
Try yourself : d) The man (go)—London last week.
e) He (leave)—home last night.
Rule-12 : To-এরপরে verb-এর base formহয়।যেমন:
a) She went to New Market to (buy) — a dress.
Ans. She went to New Market to buy a dress.
b) We have come here to (see) — his ailing mother.
Ans. We have come here to see his ailing mother.
c) The man said to the porter to (carry) — the load.
Ans. The man said to the porter to carry the load.
Try yourself : d) You need to (go) — there.
e) We have to (realise) — the importance of English.
Rule-13 : ‘Since’ বা ‘for’-এরপরেসময়উল্লেখথাকলে sentence-টি present perfect continuous tense হবে।যেমন:
(a) It (rain)—for two hours.
Ans. It has been raining for two hours.
(b) It (rain)—since the morning.
Ans. It has been raining since the morning.
(c) We (live)—in Dhaka since 1986.
Ans. We have been living in Dhaka since 1986.
Try yourself : (d) They (live)—Dhaka for 20 years.
(e) She (wait)—you for two hours.
Rule-14 : With a view to / look forward to-এরপরে verb-এরসঙ্গেing যোগহয়।যেমন:
a) Rabeya (take)—her dinner just now.
Ans. Rabeya has taken her dinner just now.
b) I (see)—him recently.
Ans. I have seen him recently.
c) He already (reach)—home.
Ans. He has already reached home.
Try yourself : d) Have you ever (be)—to the zoo?
e) Have you not (receive)—my letter yet?
Rule-11 : Sentence-এ yesterday, ago, long ago, last week, last year, last month, that day, day before yesterday প্রভৃতিঅতীতনির্দেশকশব্দথাকলেতা past indefinite tense হবে।যেমন:
a) The boy (go)—home yesterday.
Ans. The boy went home yesterday.
b) She did not (go)—to college yesterday.
Ans. She did not go to college yesterday.
c) Did he (come)—home yesterday?
Ans. Did he come home yesterday?
Try yourself : d) The man (go)—London last week.
e) He (leave)—home last night.
Rule-12 : To-এরপরে verb-এর base formহয়।যেমন:
a) She went to New Market to (buy) — a dress.
Ans. She went to New Market to buy a dress.
b) We have come here to (see) — his ailing mother.
Ans. We have come here to see his ailing mother.
c) The man said to the porter to (carry) — the load.
Ans. The man said to the porter to carry the load.
Try yourself : d) You need to (go) — there.
e) We have to (realise) — the importance of English.
Rule-13 : ‘Since’ বা ‘for’-এরপরেসময়উল্লেখথাকলে sentence-টি present perfect continuous tense হবে।যেমন:
(a) It (rain)—for two hours.
Ans. It has been raining for two hours.
(b) It (rain)—since the morning.
Ans. It has been raining since the morning.
(c) We (live)—in Dhaka since 1986.
Ans. We have been living in Dhaka since 1986.
Try yourself : (d) They (live)—Dhaka for 20 years.
(e) She (wait)—you for two hours.
Rule-14 : With a view to / look forward to-এরপরে verb-এরসঙ্গেing যোগহয়।যেমন:
a) I went there with a view to (read)—there.
Ans. I went there with a view to reading there.
b) I am looking forward to (get)— your reply.
Ans. I am looking forward to getting your reply.
c) I looked forward to (stand)—first in the class.
Ans. I looked forward to standing first in the class.
Try yourself : d) They become addicted to (take) — drugs.
e) We went to Cox’s Bazar with a view to (see) — the sea shore.
Ans. I went there with a view to reading there.
b) I am looking forward to (get)— your reply.
Ans. I am looking forward to getting your reply.
c) I looked forward to (stand)—first in the class.
Ans. I looked forward to standing first in the class.
Try yourself : d) They become addicted to (take) — drugs.
e) We went to Cox’s Bazar with a view to (see) — the sea shore.
Rule-15 : By-এরপরে verb-এরসঙ্গেing যোগহয়।যেমন:
a) He expressed his grief by (say) — that the thief had stolen his watch.
Ans. He expressed his grief by saying that the thief had stolen his watch.
b) Answer the questions by (write) — one point of information.
Ans. Answer the questions by writing one point of information.
c) By (dig) — a deeper hole, Jerry planted a tree.
Ans. By digging a deeper hole, Jerry planted a tree.
Try yourself :
d) No student can pass the examination by (adopt) — unfairmeans in the examination.
e) By (be) — conscious of a language one can develop his ‘explicit’ learning.
Rule-16 : In / of / for / with / without / before / after প্রভৃতি preposition-এরপরে verb-এরসঙ্গেing যোগহয়।যেমন:
a) I don’t believe in (overload) — my stomach.
Ans. I don’t believe in overloading my stomach.
b) I had never thought of (go) — there.
Ans. I had never thought of going there.
c) I could not live without (help) — the poor.
Ans. I could not live without helping the poor.
Try yourself :
d) After (do) — the work I will go out.
e) The porter came here for (do) — the work.
Rule-17 : Mind, would you mind, worth, past, can not help, could not help-এরপরে verb-এরসঙ্গেing যোগহয়।যেমন:
a) Would you mind (give) — me a pen?
Ans. Would you mind giving me a pen?
b) I can not help (do) — the work.
Ans. I can not help doing the work.
c) He could not help (help) — the poor.
Ans. He could not help helping the poor.
Try yourself :
d) She never mind (have) — ice cream.
e) He could not help (sell) — his land.
Rule-18 : Sentence-এরশুরুতেযদি would that থাকেতাহলে subject-এরপরে could বসেএবং verb-এর present form হয়।যেমন:
(a) Would that I (go) — to the moon.
Ans. Would that I could go to the moon.
(b) Would that I (be) — a poet like Nazrul.
Ans. Would that I could be a poet like Nazrul.
(c) Would that I (enter) — into the class-room.
Ans. Would that I could enter into the class-room.
Try yourself : (d) Would that I (buy) — a latest car.
(e) Would that I (see) — our great Prophet (SM).
a) He expressed his grief by (say) — that the thief had stolen his watch.
Ans. He expressed his grief by saying that the thief had stolen his watch.
b) Answer the questions by (write) — one point of information.
Ans. Answer the questions by writing one point of information.
c) By (dig) — a deeper hole, Jerry planted a tree.
Ans. By digging a deeper hole, Jerry planted a tree.
Try yourself :
d) No student can pass the examination by (adopt) — unfairmeans in the examination.
e) By (be) — conscious of a language one can develop his ‘explicit’ learning.
Rule-16 : In / of / for / with / without / before / after প্রভৃতি preposition-এরপরে verb-এরসঙ্গেing যোগহয়।যেমন:
a) I don’t believe in (overload) — my stomach.
Ans. I don’t believe in overloading my stomach.
b) I had never thought of (go) — there.
Ans. I had never thought of going there.
c) I could not live without (help) — the poor.
Ans. I could not live without helping the poor.
Try yourself :
d) After (do) — the work I will go out.
e) The porter came here for (do) — the work.
Rule-17 : Mind, would you mind, worth, past, can not help, could not help-এরপরে verb-এরসঙ্গেing যোগহয়।যেমন:
a) Would you mind (give) — me a pen?
Ans. Would you mind giving me a pen?
b) I can not help (do) — the work.
Ans. I can not help doing the work.
c) He could not help (help) — the poor.
Ans. He could not help helping the poor.
Try yourself :
d) She never mind (have) — ice cream.
e) He could not help (sell) — his land.
Rule-18 : Sentence-এরশুরুতেযদি would that থাকেতাহলে subject-এরপরে could বসেএবং verb-এর present form হয়।যেমন:
(a) Would that I (go) — to the moon.
Ans. Would that I could go to the moon.
(b) Would that I (be) — a poet like Nazrul.
Ans. Would that I could be a poet like Nazrul.
(c) Would that I (enter) — into the class-room.
Ans. Would that I could enter into the class-room.
Try yourself : (d) Would that I (buy) — a latest car.
(e) Would that I (see) — our great Prophet (SM).
Rule-19 : Sentence-এ to be / having / got থাকলেমূল verb-এর past participle হয়।যেমন:
a) The thief ran away having (see) — the policeman. Ans. The thief ran away having seen the policeman.
b) The Principal desired the notice to be (hang) — .Ans. The Principal desired the notice to be hung.
c) The works are to be (do) — immediately.
Ans. The works are to be done immediately.
Try yourself : d) I got the letter (write) — by him.
e) Having (do) — his duty he went out.
Rule-20: ব্র্যাকেটে be থাকলে person, number এবং tense অনুযায়ী am / is / are / was / were / been হবে।যেমন:
a) Allah (be) — everywhere.
Ans. Allah is everywhere.
b) It (be) — twenty years ago.
Ans. It was twenty years ago.
c) One of my friends (be) — a good student. Ans. One of my friends is/was a good student.
Try yourself :(d) The tickets of the journey (be) — very costly.
(e) The people of this village (be) — very poor ago.
a) The thief ran away having (see) — the policeman. Ans. The thief ran away having seen the policeman.
b) The Principal desired the notice to be (hang) — .Ans. The Principal desired the notice to be hung.
c) The works are to be (do) — immediately.
Ans. The works are to be done immediately.
Try yourself : d) I got the letter (write) — by him.
e) Having (do) — his duty he went out.
Rule-20: ব্র্যাকেটে be থাকলে person, number এবং tense অনুযায়ী am / is / are / was / were / been হবে।যেমন:
a) Allah (be) — everywhere.
Ans. Allah is everywhere.
b) It (be) — twenty years ago.
Ans. It was twenty years ago.
c) One of my friends (be) — a good student. Ans. One of my friends is/was a good student.
Try yourself :(d) The tickets of the journey (be) — very costly.
(e) The people of this village (be) — very poor ago.
Rule-21 :বর্তমানেচলছেএমনকোনোকাজবুঝলে Present
continuous tense হয়।এসবক্ষেত্রেসাধারণত now, at
present, at this moment ইত্যাদিব্যবহারকরাহয়।যেমন:
a) Now the students (sing) — the national anthem. Ans. Now the students are singing the national anthem.
b) The boys (watch) — the television now.
Ans. The boys are watching the television now.
c) They (enjoy) — a song now.
Ans. They are enjoying a song now.
Try yourself : d) They (watch) — TV at this moment.
e) The farmer (cultivate) — his land now.
Rule-22 : If-যুক্ত clause-টি Present indefinite tense হলেঅপর clause-টি future indefinite tense হয়, অর্থাৎ [If + Present indefinite + Future indefinite]।যেমন:
a) If you walk slowly, you (miss) ... the train. Ans. If you walk slowly, you will miss the train.
b) If he works hard, he (shine) ... in life.
Ans. If he works hard, he will shine in life.
c) If you run in the rain, you (catch) ... cold.
Ans. If you run in the rain, you will catch cold.
Try yourself : d) I will not go out, if it (rain) —
e) If he (come) — here, I will go there with him.
Rule-23 : lf / had-যুক্ত clause-টি past indefinite tense হলেঅপর clause-এর subject-এরপরে would / could / might বসেএবং verb-এর present form বসে।যেমন:
a) If he requested me, I (go) — there.
Ans. If he requested me, I would go there.
b) If I were a rich man, I (help) — the poor.
Ans. If I were a rich man, I would help the poor.
c) If I were the President, I (remove) — the terrorism.
Ans. If I were the President, I would remove the terrorism.
Try yourself : d) Had I much money, I (establish) — a college.
e) Had I the wings of a bird, I (fly) — like a bird.
a) Now the students (sing) — the national anthem. Ans. Now the students are singing the national anthem.
b) The boys (watch) — the television now.
Ans. The boys are watching the television now.
c) They (enjoy) — a song now.
Ans. They are enjoying a song now.
Try yourself : d) They (watch) — TV at this moment.
e) The farmer (cultivate) — his land now.
Rule-22 : If-যুক্ত clause-টি Present indefinite tense হলেঅপর clause-টি future indefinite tense হয়, অর্থাৎ [If + Present indefinite + Future indefinite]।যেমন:
a) If you walk slowly, you (miss) ... the train. Ans. If you walk slowly, you will miss the train.
b) If he works hard, he (shine) ... in life.
Ans. If he works hard, he will shine in life.
c) If you run in the rain, you (catch) ... cold.
Ans. If you run in the rain, you will catch cold.
Try yourself : d) I will not go out, if it (rain) —
e) If he (come) — here, I will go there with him.
Rule-23 : lf / had-যুক্ত clause-টি past indefinite tense হলেঅপর clause-এর subject-এরপরে would / could / might বসেএবং verb-এর present form বসে।যেমন:
a) If he requested me, I (go) — there.
Ans. If he requested me, I would go there.
b) If I were a rich man, I (help) — the poor.
Ans. If I were a rich man, I would help the poor.
c) If I were the President, I (remove) — the terrorism.
Ans. If I were the President, I would remove the terrorism.
Try yourself : d) Had I much money, I (establish) — a college.
e) Had I the wings of a bird, I (fly) — like a bird.
Rule-24 : Sentence-এ if / had-যুক্ত clause-টি past perfect tense হলেঅপরঅংশটিতে subject-এরপরেঅর্থভেদে would have / could have / might have বসেএবং verb-এর past participle হয়।
যেমন: a) If he had invited, I (go) — .
Ans. If he had invited, I would have gone.
b) If I had been a rich man, I (help) — the poor.
Ans. If I had been a rich man, I would have helped the poor.
c) I would have helped him, if he (want) — .
Ans. I would have helped him, if he had wanted.
Try yourself : d) We would have come, if he (invite) — .
e) If you had stated earlier, you (catch) — the bus.
যেমন: a) If he had invited, I (go) — .
Ans. If he had invited, I would have gone.
b) If I had been a rich man, I (help) — the poor.
Ans. If I had been a rich man, I would have helped the poor.
c) I would have helped him, if he (want) — .
Ans. I would have helped him, if he had wanted.
Try yourself : d) We would have come, if he (invite) — .
e) If you had stated earlier, you (catch) — the bus.
Rule-25 : Sentence-এ wish, fancy, it is time, it is high time ইত্যাদিথাকলে verb-এর past tense হয়এবং be থাকলেই were হয়।যেমন:
a) I wish I (win) — the first prize in the lottery.
Ans. I wish I won the first prize in the lottery.
b) I fancy I (fly) — among the stars.
Ans. I fancy I flew among the stars.
c) It is time you (change) — your bad habit.
Ans. It is time you changed your bad habit.
Try yourself : d) I wish I (be) — a rich man.
e) It is time we (earn) — our livelihood.
Rule-26 : Sentence-এযদি as if, as though ইত্যাদিথাকেতাহলেবন্ধনীর be-এরস্থলে were বসে।
যেমন:
a) He speaks as if he (be)—the owner of the farm.
Ans. He speaks as if he were the owner of the farm.
b) The man speaks as though he (be) — a leader.
Ans. The man speaks as though he were a leader.
c) The man speaks as if he (be) — a landlord.
Ans. The man speaks as if he were a landlord.
Try yourself : d) The man speaks as though he (be) — a rich man.
e) He speaks as if he (be) — the President of Bangladesh.
Rule-27 : Sentence-এ each, every, everyone, anyone, any, many a, everybody, every thing, anybody, nobody, no one, nothing, anything, something, someone, one of, either, neither ইতাদিথাকলে verb-এর singular number হয়।যেমন:
a) Every mother (love) — her child.
Ans. Every mother loves her child.
b) One of the students (be) — very brilliant.
Ans. One of the students is/was very brilliant.
c) Each of the boys (be) — present yesterday.
Ans. Each of the boys was present yesterday.
Try yourself : d) Many a boy (ruin) — his career through laziness.
e) Neither of the two boys (be) — present today.
Rule-28 : While-এরঠিকপরেইব্র্যাকেটেরমধ্যেযে verb থাকেতারসঙ্গেing যোগহয়।কিন্তু while-এরপরে subject থাকলে while-এরঅংশটি Past continuous tense হয়।
যেমন: a) While (walk) — in the garden, a snake bit him.
Ans. While walking in the garden, a snake bit him.
b) While he (walk) — in the garden, a snake bit him.
Ans. While he was walking in the garden, a snake bit him.
c) While it (rain) — I was going to college.
Ans. While it was raining, I was going to college.
Try yourself : d) While (sleep) — in his room, he dreamt a nice dream.
e) My uncle arrived while she (cook) — the dinner.
a) I wish I (win) — the first prize in the lottery.
Ans. I wish I won the first prize in the lottery.
b) I fancy I (fly) — among the stars.
Ans. I fancy I flew among the stars.
c) It is time you (change) — your bad habit.
Ans. It is time you changed your bad habit.
Try yourself : d) I wish I (be) — a rich man.
e) It is time we (earn) — our livelihood.
Rule-26 : Sentence-এযদি as if, as though ইত্যাদিথাকেতাহলেবন্ধনীর be-এরস্থলে were বসে।
যেমন:
a) He speaks as if he (be)—the owner of the farm.
Ans. He speaks as if he were the owner of the farm.
b) The man speaks as though he (be) — a leader.
Ans. The man speaks as though he were a leader.
c) The man speaks as if he (be) — a landlord.
Ans. The man speaks as if he were a landlord.
Try yourself : d) The man speaks as though he (be) — a rich man.
e) He speaks as if he (be) — the President of Bangladesh.
Rule-27 : Sentence-এ each, every, everyone, anyone, any, many a, everybody, every thing, anybody, nobody, no one, nothing, anything, something, someone, one of, either, neither ইতাদিথাকলে verb-এর singular number হয়।যেমন:
a) Every mother (love) — her child.
Ans. Every mother loves her child.
b) One of the students (be) — very brilliant.
Ans. One of the students is/was very brilliant.
c) Each of the boys (be) — present yesterday.
Ans. Each of the boys was present yesterday.
Try yourself : d) Many a boy (ruin) — his career through laziness.
e) Neither of the two boys (be) — present today.
Rule-28 : While-এরঠিকপরেইব্র্যাকেটেরমধ্যেযে verb থাকেতারসঙ্গেing যোগহয়।কিন্তু while-এরপরে subject থাকলে while-এরঅংশটি Past continuous tense হয়।
যেমন: a) While (walk) — in the garden, a snake bit him.
Ans. While walking in the garden, a snake bit him.
b) While he (walk) — in the garden, a snake bit him.
Ans. While he was walking in the garden, a snake bit him.
c) While it (rain) — I was going to college.
Ans. While it was raining, I was going to college.
Try yourself : d) While (sleep) — in his room, he dreamt a nice dream.
e) My uncle arrived while she (cook) — the dinner.
Rule- 29 :একইদৈর্ঘ্য, পরিমাণবাস্থানবোঝালে subject দেখতে plural হলেও verb-এর singular number হয়।
যেমন:
a) Previously fifty miles (be) — a long way.
Ans. Previously fifty miles was a long way.
b) Twenty miles (be) — not a great distance now a days.
Ans. Twenty miles is not a great distance now a days.
c) Sixty cents (be) — was enough for him.
Ans. Sixty cents is/was enough for him.
Try yourself : a) Twenty dollars (be) — not sufficient in line.
b) Fifty cents (be) — enough at that time.
যেমন:
a) Previously fifty miles (be) — a long way.
Ans. Previously fifty miles was a long way.
b) Twenty miles (be) — not a great distance now a days.
Ans. Twenty miles is not a great distance now a days.
c) Sixty cents (be) — was enough for him.
Ans. Sixty cents is/was enough for him.
Try yourself : a) Twenty dollars (be) — not sufficient in line.
b) Fifty cents (be) — enough at that time.
Rule-30 : Main clause-এর verb-টি past tense-এরহলেএবংপরেরঅংশে next day,
next week, next month, next year ইত্যাদিউল্লেখথাকলে subject-এরপরে would / should বসেএবং verb-এর present form হয়।যেমন:
a) He said that he (go) — home the next day.
Ans. He said that he would go home the next day.
b) He told that he (come) — here the next year.
Ans. He told that he would come here the next year.
Try yourself :
c) She said that she (sell) — her land the next month. d) The man said that he (go) — to London the next day.
Rule-31 : After-এরপরেএবং before-এরপূর্বের clause-টি past perfect tense হয়এবংঅন্য clause-টি past indefinite tense হয়।যেমন:
a) The doctor (come)—before the patient came.
Ans. The doctor had come before the patient came.
b) The doctor came after the patient (die)—.
Ans. The doctor came after the patient had died.
Try yourself :
c) The patient had (died)—the doctor came.
Rule-32 : Sentence-টি passive voice হলে tense ও person অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb ও verb-এর past participle বসাতেহবেএবং gap-এরপরে subject থাকলে by বসাতেহবে।যেমন:
a) English (speak) — all over the world.
Ans. English is spoken all over the world.
b) English (speak) — the English.
Ans. English is spoken by the English.
c) He has (expel)—from the examination hall.
Ans. He has been expelled from the examination hall.
Try yourself :
d) The boys (send) —to school yesterday.
a) He said that he (go) — home the next day.
Ans. He said that he would go home the next day.
b) He told that he (come) — here the next year.
Ans. He told that he would come here the next year.
Try yourself :
c) She said that she (sell) — her land the next month. d) The man said that he (go) — to London the next day.
Rule-31 : After-এরপরেএবং before-এরপূর্বের clause-টি past perfect tense হয়এবংঅন্য clause-টি past indefinite tense হয়।যেমন:
a) The doctor (come)—before the patient came.
Ans. The doctor had come before the patient came.
b) The doctor came after the patient (die)—.
Ans. The doctor came after the patient had died.
Try yourself :
c) The patient had (died)—the doctor came.
Rule-32 : Sentence-টি passive voice হলে tense ও person অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb ও verb-এর past participle বসাতেহবেএবং gap-এরপরে subject থাকলে by বসাতেহবে।যেমন:
a) English (speak) — all over the world.
Ans. English is spoken all over the world.
b) English (speak) — the English.
Ans. English is spoken by the English.
c) He has (expel)—from the examination hall.
Ans. He has been expelled from the examination hall.
Try yourself :
d) The boys (send) —to school yesterday.
Rule-33 :কিছুব্যতিক্রমছাড়া principal
clause-এর verb যদি past tense-এরহয়তবে subordinate clause-এর verb-ও past tense-এহবেএবংএকটি present হলেঅপরটিও present হবে।যেমন:
a) The man was so ill that he (will) — not be able to attend the meeting.
Ans. The man was so ill that he would not be able to attend the meeting.
b) I knew that he (will not come) — to me for his personal purpose.
Ans. I knew that he would not come to me for his personal purpose.
c) His father (ask) ... him whether he had done the work or not.
Ans. His father asked him whether he had done the work or not.
Try yourself : d) I did not know the reasons why he (come) — to me. e) The sun (rise) — and fog disappeared.
Rule-34 : Sentence যদি universal truth (চিরন্তনসত্য), habitual fact (অভ্যাসগতকর্ম) ইত্যাদিবোঝায়তাহলে sentence-টি present indefinite tense হয়।যেমন:
a) Father said that the earth (move) — round the sun.
Ans. Father said that the earth moves round the sun.
b) The teacher told that the sun (rise) — the east.
Ans. The teacher told that the sun rises in the east.
c) He said that the sun (set) — the west.
Ans. He said that the sun sets in the west.
Try yourself : d) The scientist reported that ice (float) — water.
e) Mother said that honesty (be) — the best policy.
Rule-35 : Principal clause-এর Verb যদি Present / Future tense-এরহয়তবে Subordinate clause-এর Verb যেকোনো Tense-এহবে।যেমন:
a) My father says that he (be) ... a freedom fighter.
Ans. My father says that he is/was a freedom fighter.
b) Iraqi President says that he (win) ... the war against allied forces.
Ans. Iraqi President says that he will win the war against allied forces.
Try yourself :
c) I think you will say that you (participate) ... the grand rally.
Rule-36 : Since-যুক্ত Sentence-এরপ্রথমঅংশ Present indefinite tense বা Present perfect tense হলে Since-এরপরেরঅংশে Past indefinite tense হয়।যেমন:
(a) It is many years since he (go)—abroad.
Ans. It is many years since he went abroad.
(b) It is twenty years since I (see)— him last.
Ans. It is twenty years since I saw him last.
Try yourself : (c) Two years have passed since I (see) —him last. (d) It is many years since I (come) — to Dhaka.
a) The man was so ill that he (will) — not be able to attend the meeting.
Ans. The man was so ill that he would not be able to attend the meeting.
b) I knew that he (will not come) — to me for his personal purpose.
Ans. I knew that he would not come to me for his personal purpose.
c) His father (ask) ... him whether he had done the work or not.
Ans. His father asked him whether he had done the work or not.
Try yourself : d) I did not know the reasons why he (come) — to me. e) The sun (rise) — and fog disappeared.
Rule-34 : Sentence যদি universal truth (চিরন্তনসত্য), habitual fact (অভ্যাসগতকর্ম) ইত্যাদিবোঝায়তাহলে sentence-টি present indefinite tense হয়।যেমন:
a) Father said that the earth (move) — round the sun.
Ans. Father said that the earth moves round the sun.
b) The teacher told that the sun (rise) — the east.
Ans. The teacher told that the sun rises in the east.
c) He said that the sun (set) — the west.
Ans. He said that the sun sets in the west.
Try yourself : d) The scientist reported that ice (float) — water.
e) Mother said that honesty (be) — the best policy.
Rule-35 : Principal clause-এর Verb যদি Present / Future tense-এরহয়তবে Subordinate clause-এর Verb যেকোনো Tense-এহবে।যেমন:
a) My father says that he (be) ... a freedom fighter.
Ans. My father says that he is/was a freedom fighter.
b) Iraqi President says that he (win) ... the war against allied forces.
Ans. Iraqi President says that he will win the war against allied forces.
Try yourself :
c) I think you will say that you (participate) ... the grand rally.
Rule-36 : Since-যুক্ত Sentence-এরপ্রথমঅংশ Present indefinite tense বা Present perfect tense হলে Since-এরপরেরঅংশে Past indefinite tense হয়।যেমন:
(a) It is many years since he (go)—abroad.
Ans. It is many years since he went abroad.
(b) It is twenty years since I (see)— him last.
Ans. It is twenty years since I saw him last.
Try yourself : (c) Two years have passed since I (see) —him last. (d) It is many years since I (come) — to Dhaka.
Rule-37 : Since-যুক্ত sentence-এরপ্রথমঅংশ past indefinite tense হলেএরপরেরঅংশ past perfect tense হয়।যেমন:
(a) It was twenty years since he first (meet) — her.
Ans. It was twenty years since he had first met her.
(b) It was many years since he (go)—abroad.
Ans. It was many years since he had gone abroad.
(c) Two years passed since I (see)—him last.
Ans. Two years passed since I had seen him last.
Try yourself : (d) It was many years since I (come)—to Dhaka. (e) Many years passed since his mother (die)—.
(a) It was twenty years since he first (meet) — her.
Ans. It was twenty years since he had first met her.
(b) It was many years since he (go)—abroad.
Ans. It was many years since he had gone abroad.
(c) Two years passed since I (see)—him last.
Ans. Two years passed since I had seen him last.
Try yourself : (d) It was many years since I (come)—to Dhaka. (e) Many years passed since his mother (die)—.
Rule-38 : As soon as-এরপরেদুটি clause-ই past indefinite tense-এহবে [as soon as + past indefinite + past
indefinite]।যেমন:
(a) As soon as we (reach)—the station, the train (leave)—.
Ans. As soon as we reached the station, the train left.
(b) As soon as the students (come)—to college, the bell (ring)—.
Ans. As soon as the students came to college, the bell rang.
(c) As soon as we (start)—for college, the rain (start)—.
Ans. As soon as we started for college, the rain started.
Try yourself : (d) As soon as he (see)—me, he (run)—away swiftly.
(e) As soon as the police (mark)—the thief, he (run)—away.
Rule-39 : Sentence-এযদি no sooner had ... than থাকেতাহলে no sooner + past perfect + than + past indefinite হবে।যেমন:
(a) No sooner had the rain (stop)—than they (leave)—the shelter.
Ans. No sooner had the rain stopped than they left the shelter.
(b) No sooner had we (reach)—the station than the train (leave)—.
Ans. No sooner had we reached the station than the train left.
(c) No had the man (see)—than he (run)—away.
Ans. No had the man seen than he ran away.
Try yourself : (d) No sooner had the thief (see)—the police than the thief (flee) —away from the spot.
(e) No sooner had we reached the college—the rain started.
Rule-40 : So that, in order that দ্বারাযুক্ত sentence-এরএকটি clause-এর verb present tense / future tense-এরহলেঅপর clause-এর verb-এরপূর্বে can / may বসেএবং past tense হলে could / might বসে।যেমন:
(a) He reads attentively so that he (stand)—first in the final examination.
Ans. He reads attentively so that he can stand first in the final examination.
(b) He read attentively so that he (stand)—first in the final examination.
Ans. He read attentively so that he could stand first in the final examination.
(c) He worked hard in order that he (build)—his good future.
Ans. He worked hard in order that he could build his good future.
Try yourself : (d) He will learn computer in order that he (get)—a satisfactory job.
(e) He saved some money in order that he (buy)—some books.
Rule-41 : ‘lest’ conjunction দ্বারা subordinate clause যুক্তহলে principal clause-এর verb যে tense-ইথাকুকনাকেন subordinate clause-এর subject-এরপরে should বসে।যেমন:
(a) Read attentively lest you (fail)—in the final examination.
Ans. Read attentively lest you should fail in the final examination.
(b) He went away lest you (see)—him.
Ans. He went away lest you should see him.
(c) He will return fast lest he (fall)—in danger.
Ans. He will return fast lest he should fall in danger.
Try yourself : (d) The officer was sympathetic to the boy lest he (go)— away.
(e) The housewives are very conscious about the maid-servants lest they (leave)—them.
(a) As soon as we (reach)—the station, the train (leave)—.
Ans. As soon as we reached the station, the train left.
(b) As soon as the students (come)—to college, the bell (ring)—.
Ans. As soon as the students came to college, the bell rang.
(c) As soon as we (start)—for college, the rain (start)—.
Ans. As soon as we started for college, the rain started.
Try yourself : (d) As soon as he (see)—me, he (run)—away swiftly.
(e) As soon as the police (mark)—the thief, he (run)—away.
Rule-39 : Sentence-এযদি no sooner had ... than থাকেতাহলে no sooner + past perfect + than + past indefinite হবে।যেমন:
(a) No sooner had the rain (stop)—than they (leave)—the shelter.
Ans. No sooner had the rain stopped than they left the shelter.
(b) No sooner had we (reach)—the station than the train (leave)—.
Ans. No sooner had we reached the station than the train left.
(c) No had the man (see)—than he (run)—away.
Ans. No had the man seen than he ran away.
Try yourself : (d) No sooner had the thief (see)—the police than the thief (flee) —away from the spot.
(e) No sooner had we reached the college—the rain started.
Rule-40 : So that, in order that দ্বারাযুক্ত sentence-এরএকটি clause-এর verb present tense / future tense-এরহলেঅপর clause-এর verb-এরপূর্বে can / may বসেএবং past tense হলে could / might বসে।যেমন:
(a) He reads attentively so that he (stand)—first in the final examination.
Ans. He reads attentively so that he can stand first in the final examination.
(b) He read attentively so that he (stand)—first in the final examination.
Ans. He read attentively so that he could stand first in the final examination.
(c) He worked hard in order that he (build)—his good future.
Ans. He worked hard in order that he could build his good future.
Try yourself : (d) He will learn computer in order that he (get)—a satisfactory job.
(e) He saved some money in order that he (buy)—some books.
Rule-41 : ‘lest’ conjunction দ্বারা subordinate clause যুক্তহলে principal clause-এর verb যে tense-ইথাকুকনাকেন subordinate clause-এর subject-এরপরে should বসে।যেমন:
(a) Read attentively lest you (fail)—in the final examination.
Ans. Read attentively lest you should fail in the final examination.
(b) He went away lest you (see)—him.
Ans. He went away lest you should see him.
(c) He will return fast lest he (fall)—in danger.
Ans. He will return fast lest he should fall in danger.
Try yourself : (d) The officer was sympathetic to the boy lest he (go)— away.
(e) The housewives are very conscious about the maid-servants lest they (leave)—them.
Exercise-24
Complete
the passage with suitable verbs from the list. Put them in the correct tense.
Use the negative where necessary.
Set-1
:
try make be
think ponder abide indulge mend
We often see young people (a) — in pompous ways of life. They (b) —by the advice of the seniors, not even of their guardians.Even they (c) — to realize the negative aspects of it. Pompous life (d) — them gradually derailed. When they realize the consequence on their lives, they often find it quite impossible to (e) — the damages.
We often see young people (a) — in pompous ways of life. They (b) —by the advice of the seniors, not even of their guardians.Even they (c) — to realize the negative aspects of it. Pompous life (d) — them gradually derailed. When they realize the consequence on their lives, they often find it quite impossible to (e) — the damages.
set-2 :
implement come require engage remain imply consider
It is high time we (a) — our brain in thinking about the curse of dowry. The issues of dowry and oppression of women have to be (b) — in view of country’s socio-economic, cultural, political etc. circumstances. United efforts (c) — to put an end to violence against women. A specific framework must be drawn up to be (d) —. Anyway, we can hope that dowry system (e) — to an end in near future.
Answer to the question set-2 :
(a)engaged(b) considered (c) are required (d)
implemented (e) will come
Set-3:
be reach work come confine dominate succeed
Today women play an important role in all spheres of life. Once they were (a) — by men. They (b) — no longer (c) — within the four walls. They have (d) — out of kitchens and are (e) — hand in hand with man.
Set-4 :
result add enjoy take be fall reduce
Since the people of Bangladesh do not possess knowledge of health and (a)—much health care, malnutrition (b)—to the sufferings of the people. Most of the children of Bangladesh (c) — deprived of enough calories from the food (d)— by them. Lack of vitamin A (e)— in the eye-sight of many children.
Answer to
the question set-4 :
(a) do not
take (b) adds (c) are (d) enjoyed (e) results
Set-5:
dare desire attain be may should assist
Everyone (a) — success in life but very few can (b) — it. One of the main reasons for his failure is that many people (c) — take risks. We must remember that life (d) — not a bed of roses. It is full of troubles and problems. We (e) — face them with courage.
dare desire attain be may should assist
Everyone (a) — success in life but very few can (b) — it. One of the main reasons for his failure is that many people (c) — take risks. We must remember that life (d) — not a bed of roses. It is full of troubles and problems. We (e) — face them with courage.
Set-6:
read think weep say torture pray go
One day while I (a) —newspaper sitting in my room, a woman with her little baby in her lap came to me (b)— I could not recognize her first, and she introduced herself and complained against her husband (c) — that she severely (d) — by him. I heard everything and advised her (e) — to the court.
Answer to
question set-6:
(a) was
reading (b) weeping (c) saying (d) had been tortured (e) to go.
Set-7:
see lean blow want cast screen lower
Robert Frost (a) — any severance of his with nature. Even when the window sash (b) — at night and the tree (c) — from his view he (d) — a shadow outline of the tree which (e) — a more profound influence over him than the rustling of leaves.
Set-8:
display ruin play maintain join juxtapose force become
Undeniably,
student politics (a) — a heroic role in our history for many years. However, it
(b) — just a weapon of fulfilling some people’s self-interests only. It is also
common knowledge in the universities that many reluctant students have to (c) —
student wings of political parities just for getting a seat in the dormitory.
They even (d) — to engage in serious party activities. Tales of brilliant
students, careers being (e)— due to contemporary brand of student politics are
also common place.
Answer to question set-8 :
(a) has been
playing (b) has become (c) join (d) are forced (e) ruined.
Set-9:
It is high time you (a) — for the Test Exam. You (b) — much time wandering aimlessly and doing meaningless jobs. Don’t you know that your parents and relatives highly expect you to (c) — . But if you are not serious right from now, you (d) —in the long run. Besides, your future (e) —in darkness.
Set-10:
It is high time you (a) — for the Test Exam. You (b) — much time wandering aimlessly and doing meaningless jobs. Don’t you know that your parents and relatives highly expect you to (c) — . But if you are not serious right from now, you (d) —in the long run. Besides, your future (e) —in darkness.
Set-10:
wish achieve write be apprentice read feel
When he left school, Shakespeare was (a) — to a butcher. The school he attended is thought to have (b) — at Stratford. Shakespeare (c) — both name and fortune in London.His greatest plays (d) — on the stage towards the end of his life. One can not believe that anyone (e) — to disturb Shakespeare’s remains after his death.
Answer to question set-10:
(a)apprenticed(b)been(c) achieved (d) were
written (e) wishes.
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